# Finance and Insurance

> Sector (NAICS 52) — The Sector as a Whole

The Finance and Insurance sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in financial transactions (transactions involving the creation, liquidation, or change in ownership of financial assets) and/or in facilitating financial transactions.  Three principal types of activities are identified:

1.  Raising funds by taking deposits and/or issuing securities and, in the process, incurring liabilities.  Establishments engaged in this activity use raised funds to acquire financial assets by making loans and/or purchasing securities.  Putting themselves at risk, they channel funds from lenders to borrowers and transform or repackage the funds with respect to maturity, scale, and risk.  This activity is known as financial intermediation.

2.  Pooling of risk by underwriting insurance and annuities.  Establishments engaged in this activity collect fees, insurance premiums, or annuity considerations; build up reserves; invest those reserves; and make contractual payments.  Fees are based on the expected incidence of the insured risk and the expected return on investment.

3.  Providing specialized services facilitating or supporting financial intermediation, insurance, and employee benefit programs.

In addition, monetary authorities charged with monetary control are included in this sector.

The subsectors, industry groups, and industries within the Finance and Insurance sector are defined on the basis of their unique production processes.  As with all industries, the production processes are distinguished by their use of specialized human resources and specialized physical capital.  In addition, the way in which these establishments acquire and allocate financial capital, their source of funds, and the use of those funds provides a third basis for distinguishing characteristics of the production process.  For instance, the production process in raising funds through deposit-taking is different from the process of raising funds in bond or money markets.  The process of making loans to individuals also requires different production processes than does the creation of investment pools or the underwriting of securities.

Most of the Finance and Insurance subsectors contain one or more industry groups of (1) intermediaries with similar patterns of raising and using funds and (2) establishments engaged in activities that facilitate, or are otherwise related to, that type of financial or insurance intermediation.  Industries within this sector are defined in terms of activities for which a production process can be specified, and many of these activities are not exclusive to a particular type of financial institution.  To deal with the varied activities taking place within existing financial institutions, the approach is to split these institutions into components performing specialized services.  This requires defining the units engaged in providing those services and developing procedures that allow for their delineation.  These units are the equivalents for finance and insurance of the establishments defined for other industries.

The output of many financial services, as well as the inputs and the processes by which they are combined, cannot be observed at a single location and can only be defined at a higher level of the organizational structure of the enterprise.  Additionally, a number of independent activities that represent separate and distinct production processes may take place at a single location belonging to a multilocation financial firm.  Activities are more likely to be homogeneous with respect to production characteristics than are locations, at least in financial services.  The classification defines activities broadly enough that it can be used both by those classifying by location and by those employing a more top-down approach to the delineation of the establishment.

Establishments engaged in activities that facilitate, or are otherwise related to, the various types of intermediation are included in multiple subsectors, rather than in a separate subsector dedicated to services alone, because these services are performed by intermediaries, as well as by specialist establishments, and the extent to which the activity of the intermediaries can be separately identified is not clear.

Financial industries are extensive users of electronic means for facilitating the verification of financial balances, authorizing transactions, transferring funds to and from transactors' accounts, notifying banks (or credit card issuers) of the individual transactions, and providing daily summaries.  Since these transaction processing activities are integral to the production of finance and insurance services, establishments that principally provide a financial transaction processing service are classified in this sector, rather than in the data processing industry in the Information sector.

Legal entities that hold portfolios of assets on behalf of others are significant and data on them are required for a variety of purposes.  Thus, for NAICS, these funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles are the fifth subsector of the Finance and Insurance sector.  These entities earn interest, dividends, and other property income, but have little or no employment and no revenue from the sale of services.  Separate establishments and employees devoted to the management of funds are classified in Industry Group 5239, Other Financial Investment Activities.


- **NAICS code:** 52
- **Canonical URL:** https://singulariki.com/industries/52
- **Frame:** "AI exposure" means task overlap, not jobs lost. Figures aggregate over the occupations employed in this industry, each traced to a named public dataset.

## Scale & pay

- **Employment (BLS OEWS, May 2024):** 6,226,620 across 273 occupations.
- **Typical annual wage (employment-weighted median):** $84,015.

## AI exposure

- **AI task-overlap (employment-weighted across 233 occupations):** 98th percentile (High) — Eloundou GPT-overlap + Felten AIOE; task overlap, not automation.

## Largest occupations

- Customer Service Representatives (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-4051-00) — 487,850 employed; $46,660
- Insurance Sales Agents (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-41-3021-00) — 451,930 employed; $60,400
- Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-41-3031-00) — 447,410 employed; $77,550
- Tellers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-3071-00) — 330,260 employed; $39,280
- Financial Managers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-11-3031-00) — 255,610 employed; $164,940
- Personal Financial Advisors (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2052-00) — 252,560 employed; $103,200
- Loan Officers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2072-00) — 244,580 employed; $73,640
- Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-1031-00) — 224,390 employed; $75,830
- General and Operations Managers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-11-1021-00) — 218,140 employed; $135,860
- First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-1011-00) — 184,520 employed; $72,590
- Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-9041-00) — 179,320 employed; $48,980
- Software Developers (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-15-1252-00) — 160,000 employed; $132,880
- Financial and Investment Analysts (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2051-00) — 150,630 employed; $106,740
- Loan Interviewers and Clerks (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-4131-00) — 146,110 employed; $48,760
- Management Analysts (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-1111-00) — 120,400 employed; $98,710
- Accountants and Auditors (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2011-00) — 118,140 employed; $87,980
- Office Clerks, General (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-9061-00) — 112,260 employed; $45,560
- Insurance Underwriters (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2053-00) — 101,320 employed; $79,960
- Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-3031-00) — 85,770 employed; $49,570
- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive (https://singulariki.com/roles/role-43-6014-00) — 82,100 employed; $48,380

## Sources

- **O*NET** (30.3) — U.S. Department of Labor / National Center for O*NET Development. https://www.onetcenter.org/database.html
- **BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS)** (May 2024) — U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/oes/
- **Census NAICS** (2022) — U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/naics/
- **Anthropic Economic Index** (v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27)) — Anthropic. https://www.anthropic.com/economic-index
- **“GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.)** (arXiv 2303.10130) — OpenAI / academic. https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130
- **AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE)** (Felten, Raj & Seamans) — academic. https://github.com/AIOE-Data/AIOE

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_Generated from Singulariki's joined dataset; data snapshot 2026-06-03T03:26:54.804143+00:00. https://singulariki.com/industries/52_