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Tools in AI's path

Software is where AI overlaps work. Here is the gradient across the technology categories occupations actually use.

A tool category doesn't have an AI score of its own — but the occupations that use it do. Each category here is scored by the employment-weighted AI task-overlap of the jobs that rely on it most. Because tools are the digital surface of work, most categories sit in moderately-to-highly exposed occupations; the interesting signal is the gradient between them.

Across 116 technology categories the median sits at the 79th exposure percentile and 80 land in the High band. Exposure is task overlap — what AI could touch — not automation, adoption, or a tool becoming obsolete. Hot-technology categories show no meaningfully different exposure than the rest: AI overlap tracks the work, not the novelty of the tool.

Technology category AI exposure of its work Occupations
Data compression software 95th High 3
Storage networking software 91st High 22
Switch or router software hot 91st High 11
Expert system software hot 90th High 54
Dictionary software 90th High 3
Application server software hot 88th High 54
Graphical user interface development software hot 88th High 34
Requirements analysis and system architecture software 88th High 28
Network conferencing software hot 88th High 26
Internet protocol IP multimedia subsystem software 88th High 26
Portal server software 88th High 24
Internet directory services software hot 88th High 15
Network operation system software 88th High 4
Network security and virtual private network VPN equipment software 87th High 32
Network security or virtual private network VPN management software 87th High 24
Enterprise application integration software hot 86th High 117
Business intelligence and data analysis software hot 86th High 117
File versioning software hot 86th High 54
Clustering software 86th High 24
Authentication server software 86th High 9
Procedure management software hot 86th High 8
Web platform development software hot 85th High 152
Administration software 85th High 15
Filesystem software 85th High 13
Compiler and decompiler software 85th High 12
Customer relationship management CRM software hot 84th High 142
Tax preparation software hot 84th High 7
Network operating system enhancement software 84th High 3
Data base reporting software hot 83rd High 92
Program testing software hot 83rd High 55
Transaction security and virus protection software 83rd High 51
Enterprise system management software hot 83rd High 43
Voice recognition software 83rd High 19
Process mapping and design software hot 82nd High 154
Geographic information system hot 82nd High 142
Video creation and editing software hot 82nd High 140
Financial analysis software 82nd High 94
Transaction server software 82nd High 39
Backup or archival software 82nd High 26
Platform interconnectivity software 82nd High 11
Mobile messaging service software 82nd High 11
Risk management data and analysis software 82nd High 10
Data base management system software hot 81st High 109
Configuration management software hot 81st High 44
Access software 81st High 42
Pattern design software 81st High 9
Document management software hot 80th High 293
Development environment software hot 80th High 200
Data mining software hot 80th High 49
Content workflow software hot 80th High 46
Sales and marketing software hot 80th High 46
Object oriented data base management software hot 80th High 42
Metadata management software hot 80th High 28
Device drivers or system software 80th High 14
Cloud-based protection or security software 80th High 10
LAN software 80th High 5
Object or component oriented development software hot 79th High 211
Desktop publishing software hot 79th High 167
Helpdesk or call center software 79th High 19
Cloud-based management software hot 78th High 52
Aviation ground support software 77th High 4
Network monitoring software 76th High 35
Charting software 76th High 10
WAN switching software and firmware 76th High 5
Mobile operator specific application software 76th High 3
Communications server software 75th High 41
Graphics or photo imaging software hot 74th High 279
Video conferencing software hot 74th High 117
Multi-media educational software 74th High 32
Optical character reader OCR or scanning software 73rd High 66
Music or sound editing software 73rd High 26
Legal management software 73rd High 3
Accounting software hot 72nd High 171
Human resources software 72nd High 89
Desktop communications software 72nd High 83
Compliance software 72nd High 43
Industrial control software 69th High 138
Time accounting software hot 69th High 75
Web page creation and editing software hot 68th High 205
Network connectivity terminal emulation software 67th High 4
Cloud-based data access and sharing software hot 66th Moderate 84
Instant messaging software 66th Moderate 62
Billing and invoicing software 65th Moderate 42
Operating system software hot 63rd Moderate 342
Medical software hot 63rd Moderate 190
Information retrieval or search software 63rd Moderate 140
Computer based training software 63rd Moderate 110
Project management software hot 62nd Moderate 304
Procurement software 61st Moderate 19
Mobile location based services software 60th Moderate 42
Library software 59th Moderate 6
Analytical or scientific software hot 58th Moderate 372
Enterprise resource planning ERP software hot 58th Moderate 367
Presentation software hot 57th Moderate 633
Data base user interface and query software hot 56th Moderate 632
Computer aided design CAD software hot 56th Moderate 245
Categorization or classification software 56th Moderate 16
Spreadsheet software hot 55th Moderate 859
Office suite software hot 55th Moderate 818
Word processing software hot 55th Moderate 789
Electronic mail software hot 55th Moderate 735
Computer aided manufacturing CAM software hot 55th Moderate 42
Spell checkers 55th Moderate 6
Point of sale POS software 54th Moderate 43
Data conversion software 53rd Moderate 4
Map creation software hot 52nd Moderate 87
Flight control software 52nd Moderate 3
Inventory management software 51st Moderate 138
Internet browser software hot 50th Moderate 470
Calendar and scheduling software 50th Moderate 178
Materials requirements planning logistics and supply chain software 47th Moderate 50
Label making software 44th Moderate 11
Facilities management software 38th Moderate 60
Route navigation software 38th Moderate 17
Action games 35th Moderate 3
Computer aided design CAD and computer aided manufacturing CAM system 26th Low 3

How this is computed. For each O*NET technology category we take the occupations that use it most and average their AI task-exposure percentile, weighted by employment (occupation employment from BLS OEWS). Only categories with at least 3 matched occupations are shown. Exposure percentile is the unified task-overlap index (Eloundou GPT-overlap + Felten AIOE) ranked across all occupations. A category being "exposed" means AI overlaps the tasks of the work that uses it — not that the tool is being replaced or that anyone has deployed AI there.

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Datasets behind this page

Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.