Often handed to AI
Task areas most often handled directively in observed AI conversations — candidates to delegate with light review.
- Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. · 0.4%
Microbiologists
Occupation · SOC 19-1022.00
Investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or fungi. Includes medical microbiologists who study the relationship between organisms and disease or the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms.
Also called: Bacteriologist · Clinical Laboratory Scientist (Clinical Lab Scientist) · Microbiological Analyst · Microbiologist · Clinical Microbiologist · Medical Technologist · Public Health Microbiologist · Quality Control Microbiologist (QC Microbiologist) · Research Microbiologist · Research Specialist · Cytologist · Electron Microscopist
Job family: Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Take this to your AI
A source-stamped Markdown brief of this occupation — paste it into an agent, or fetch
/roles/role-19-1022-00/context.md directly.
AI work map
A fast read on where AI already shows up in this occupation, where it stays a copilot, where humans remain in the loop, and what the labor market is doing. Built from observed Claude.ai conversations mapped to O*NET tasks and from published research — measures of usage and exposure, not advice or predictions that the job is going away.
Use as a copilot
Task areas where people work with AI — iterating, learning, or checking — staying in the loop rather than handing the task off.
- Prepare technical reports and recommendations based upon research outcomes. · 4.6%
- Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. · 2.3%
- Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. · 0.6%
Keep a human in the loop
Task areas where a human was still judged necessary in a large share of observed conversations — not a safety ruling, an observed-need signal.
- Isolate and maintain cultures of bacteria or other microorganisms in prescribed or developed media, controlling moisture, aeration, temperature, and nutrition. · 100.0% need a human
- Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. · 93.1% need a human
- Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. · 92.7% need a human
Skills it runs on
The capabilities O*NET rates most important for this occupation — the human ground the work is built on.
See all skills →Market signal
Independent published positions, read together — not a forecast.
- About average employment outlook (+4.1% by 2034)
- 1,700 openings/yr
- Moderate AI exposure
- Observed AI use leans augmentation
- Median pay $87,330/yr
- Work is mostly on-site (not teleworkable)
- A reversal from 2013 — rated low automation risk then (8th), high AI task-overlap now (59th)
59th-percentile task overlap — yet about 1,700 openings a year (+4.1% projected, BLS), and observed AI use leans 5617% copilot, not hand-off (AEI) . What exposure means →
AI & job outlook
What today's research says about this occupation's exposure to AI, how AI is actually being used in it, and where employment is headed. These are positions within published studies — measures of exposure and usage, not predictions that this job will disappear.
Exposure to current AI
Each study uses its own scale, so the raw scores are not comparable across rows — the percentile (this job's rank among all U.S. occupations with data) is the comparable figure, and sizes the bars.
| Measure | Rank vs all occupations | Percentile | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) Moderate | 64th | 0.7 | |
| LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) Moderate | 56th | 0.7 | |
| AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) Moderate | 61st | 0.2 |
OpenAI's exposure study scores tasks three ways: with a language model alone (α 0.1), with simple added tooling (β 0.4), and including AI-powered software (γ 0.7). Higher means more of the job's tasks could be done at least twice as fast — not that they will be automated away.
This job mostly cannot be done remotely (Dingel–Neiman) — its hands-on tasks sit outside what software-based AI reaches.
Historical automation estimate (2013)
A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
Frey–Osborne probability 0.0 · 8th percentile among occupations · Low
How AI is actually used in this job
Among measured AI assistant conversations mapped to this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15), these task types came up most. These are shares of observed AI conversations — not shares of the job, of worker time, or of what could be automated.
| Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. | 1.9% | |
| Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. | 1.5% | |
| Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. | 0.5% | |
| Research use of bacteria and microorganisms to develop vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, grain alcohol, sugars, and polymers. | 0.2% |
Job outlook
Independent U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projection for 2024–2034 — a labor-market forecast, not an AI-impact forecast.
| Outlook | About average · +4.1% by 2034 |
| Projected annual openings | 1,700 |
| Employment 2024 → 2034 | 20,700 → 21,600 |
“Annual openings” counts new jobs plus replacements for workers who leave the occupation, so it can be large even when growth is modest.
Where this work sits on the global GenAI gradient
The ILO's 2025 global study scores generative-AI exposure on the international ISCO-08 occupation system, not US SOC. Bridged through the published (and approximate, many-to-many) IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 crosswalk, this US occupation corresponds to the international occupation below. Exposure here means how much of the work's tasks today's AI can attempt — task overlap, not automation, adoption, or jobs lost.
Microbiologists sits at the 77th percentile of 427
occupations on the global GenAI task-exposure gradient
— exposure rose from 2023 to 2025. Each dot is one occupation; the
ringed one is this work. Exposure is task overlap, not automation or jobs lost.
40% mean task exposure (2025)
77th percentile of 427 placed occupations
+5 pts shift 2023 → 2025
| International occupation (ISCO-08) | Task exposure (2025) | Most tasks fall in |
|---|---|---|
| Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals · 2131 | 40% | Gradient 2 |
Read the whole six-band gradient on the GenAI exposure gradient page. The crosswalk is approximate: a US occupation can map to several international ones, and the ILO scores describe the international occupation, not this exact US role.
Working with AI in this job
How people actually apply AI to this occupation's tasks, from Claude.ai (Free and Pro) conversations in the Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15. This is one AI assistant's consumer sample — not all AI, not the whole workforce. Autonomy and the collaboration mix are model-rated estimates; figures below the sample floor are hidden.
| Augmentation vs. automation | 56.2% working with AI · 32.1% handed to AI |
| Most common way people use AI here | Directive · AI does it; you give the instruction |
| Typical AI autonomy | 4.0 / 5 · higher = AI acts more independently |
| Used for work (vs. personal / coursework) | 34.8% |
What people delegate to AI
The role's most common tasks in AI conversations, each tagged with how people work with the AI on it. “Usage” is the share of observed conversations, not of the job.
| Task | How | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Prepare technical reports and recommendations based upon research outcomes. | Iteration | 4.6% |
| Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. | Learning | 2.3% |
| Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. | Learning | 0.6% |
| Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. | Directive | 0.4% |
| Isolate and maintain cultures of bacteria or other microorganisms in prescribed or developed media, controlling moisture, aeration, temperature, and nutrition. | — | 0.3% |
Where a human is still needed
Tasks where the model most often judged that a person remained necessary — a useful read on the current boundary, not a guarantee.
| Isolate and maintain cultures of bacteria or other microorganisms in prescribed or developed media, controlling moisture, aeration, temperature, and nutrition. | 100.0% | |
| Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. | 93.1% | |
| Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. | 92.7% | |
| Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. | 91.5% | |
| Prepare technical reports and recommendations based upon research outcomes. | 87.7% |
What people most often hand AI here
Example prompts phrased from the tasks people most often delegate to AI in this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index). Each shows the underlying measured task and its share of observed AI use. They are suggested phrasings of real tasks — starting points, not endorsed instructions.
-
Help me prepare technical reports and recommendations based upon research outcomes.From: Prepare technical reports and recommendations based upon research outcomes. · 4.6% of measured AI use · task iteration
-
Help me examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens.From: Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. · 2.3% of measured AI use · learning
-
Help me observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter.From: Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. · 0.6% of measured AI use · learning
-
Help me conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes.From: Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. · 0.4% of measured AI use · directive
Tasks
All 14 tasks O*NET lists for this occupation, ordered by importance. Each links to its own page with AI-exposure and observed-use detail.
- Isolate and maintain cultures of bacteria or other microorganisms in prescribed or developed media, controlling moisture, aeration, temperature, and nutrition. Core · importance 4.6
- Provide laboratory services for health departments, community environmental health programs, and physicians needing information for diagnosis and treatment. Core · importance 4.3
- Monitor and perform tests on water, food, and the environment to detect harmful microorganisms or to obtain information about sources of pollution, contamination, or infection. Core · importance 4.3
- Examine physiological, morphological, and cultural characteristics, using microscope, to identify and classify microorganisms in human, water, and food specimens. Core · importance 4.3
- Supervise biological technologists and technicians and other scientists. Core · importance 4.2
- Use a variety of specialized equipment, such as electron microscopes, gas and high-pressure liquid chromatographs, electrophoresis units, thermocyclers, fluorescence-activated cell sorters, and phosphorimagers. Core · importance 4.2
- Investigate the relationship between organisms and disease, including the control of epidemics and the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms. Core · importance 4.1
- Prepare technical reports and recommendations, based upon research outcomes. Core · importance 4.0
- Research use of bacteria and microorganisms to develop vitamins, antibiotics, amino acids, grain alcohol, sugars, and polymers. Supplemental · importance 3.7
- Observe action of microorganisms upon living tissues of plants, higher animals, and other microorganisms, and on dead organic matter. Core · importance 3.7
- Study growth, structure, development, and general characteristics of bacteria and other microorganisms to understand their relationship to human, plant, and animal health. Core · importance 3.6
- Study the structure and function of human, animal, and plant tissues, cells, pathogens, and toxins. Supplemental · importance 3.5
- Develop new products and procedures for sterilization, food and pharmaceutical supply preservation, or microbial contamination detection. Supplemental · importance 3.5
- Conduct chemical analyses of substances such as acids, alcohols, and enzymes. Supplemental · importance 3.3
Emerging tasks
Newer responsibilities O*NET has flagged as growing for this occupation.
- Perform tests on water, food, and the environment to detect harmful microorganisms or to obtain information about sources of pollution, contamination, or infection and interpret the results.
Work activities
- Cultivate micro-organisms for study, testing, or medical preparations.
- Prepare biological samples for testing or analysis.
- Monitor environmental impacts of production or development activities.
- Inspect condition of natural environments.
- Develop new or advanced products or production methods.
- Classify organisms based on their characteristics or behavior.
- Analyze biological samples.
- Examine characteristics or behavior of living organisms.
- Research diseases or parasites.
- Supervise scientific or technical personnel.
- Research microbiological or chemical processes or structures.
- Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.
- Operate laboratory or field equipment.
- Analyze chemical compounds or substances.
Knowledge, skills & abilities
O*NET importance rating, from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important).
Knowledge
| Biology | 4.7 | |
| Chemistry | 3.8 | |
| English Language | 3.6 | |
| Computers and Electronics | 3.6 | |
| Education and Training | 3.5 | |
| Mathematics | 3.3 |
Essential skills
| Science | 4.6 | |
| Reading Comprehension | 4.1 | |
| Writing | 4.0 | |
| Critical Thinking | 4.0 | |
| Active Listening | 3.9 | |
| Speaking | 3.9 | |
| Active Learning | 3.9 | |
| Learning Strategies | 3.6 | |
| Monitoring | 3.6 | |
| Mathematics | 3.1 |
Abilities
| Written Comprehension | 4.3 | |
| Written Expression | 4.1 | |
| Inductive Reasoning | 4.1 | |
| Oral Comprehension | 4.0 | |
| Oral Expression | 4.0 | |
| Problem Sensitivity | 4.0 | |
| Deductive Reasoning | 4.0 | |
| Category Flexibility | 4.0 | |
| Information Ordering | 3.9 | |
| Fluency of Ideas | 3.8 | |
| Flexibility of Closure | 3.8 | |
| Near Vision | 3.8 | |
| Speech Recognition | 3.6 | |
| Selective Attention | 3.5 | |
| Originality | 3.1 | |
| Speech Clarity | 3.1 |
Transferable skills
| Judgment and Decision Making | 3.8 | |
| Complex Problem Solving | 3.6 | |
| Social Perceptiveness | 3.0 | |
| Coordination | 3.0 | |
| Instructing | 3.0 | |
| Service Orientation | 3.0 | |
| Systems Analysis | 3.0 | |
| Time Management | 3.0 |
Skills in demand
Skills employers ask for in job postings for this occupation (Lightcast), with whether each is a common or specialized skill.
Showing the top 40 of 41.
Tools & technology
Showing the top 40 of 44.
Work context
How characteristic each condition is of the job, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale (higher = more present in day-to-day work). Each condition links to how it varies across all occupations.
How to get in
- Job zone
- Zone 4 — Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
- Education
- Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
- Typical entry-level education
- Bachelor's degree · BLS, the typical path — not a requirement
- Related experience
- A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
- Preparation level
- SVP (7.0 to < 8.0) — total schooling plus on-the-job experience.
What to study: Agriculture, Agriculture Operations, and Related Sciences , Biological and Biomedical Sciences . Fields of study crosswalked to this occupation (NCES CIP–SOC), not a requirement.
Education of current workers
Share of people in this occupation at each level of education.
| Bachelor's Degree | 63.6% | |
| Master's Degree | 13.6% | |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 9.1% | |
| Post-Baccalaureate Certificate | 9.1% | |
| Post-Doctoral Training | 4.5% |
Interests & work styles
The interests and personal qualities O*NET associates with people who do this work.
Career interests (Holland / RIASEC)
| Investigative | 7.0 | |
| Realistic | 5.3 | |
| Conventional | 3.9 |
Interest areas
| Life Science | 7.0 | |
| Medical Science | 6.5 | |
| Health Care Service | 4.0 | |
| Physical Science | 2.9 | |
| Mathematics/Statistics | 2.9 | |
| Information Technology | 2.1 |
Work styles
| Dependability | 7.0 | |
| Attention to Detail | 6.0 | |
| Integrity | 5.0 | |
| Cautiousness | 4.0 | |
| Intellectual Curiosity | 3.0 | |
| Innovation | 2.3 | |
| Achievement Orientation | 2.1 |
Wages & employment
U.S. · annual wages (BLS OEWS)
| 10th percentile | $51,220 |
| 25th percentile | $63,920 |
| Median (50th) | $87,330 |
| 75th percentile | $120,750 |
| 90th percentile | $150,650 |
| People employed | 19,760 |
Industries that employ this occupation
Where these workers are employed, by number of jobs (national, BLS OEWS). Pay shown is the occupation's national median, not industry-specific.
| Industry | Workers | National median pay |
|---|---|---|
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 8,170 | $89,710 |
| Manufacturing · Sector | 4,410 | $81,590 |
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 1,650 | $55,100 |
| Educational Services · Sector | 1,330 | $64,170 |
| Health Care and Social Assistance · Sector | 1,010 | $108,970 |
| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services · Sector | 360 | $58,490 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 350 | $97,990 |
| Temporary Help Services · National industry | 280 | $51,220 |
| Wholesale Trade · Sector | 240 | $83,690 |
| Engineering Services · National industry | — | $77,460 |
| Veterinary Services · National industry | — | $85,950 |
Where this work is most concentrated
Industries where this occupation is far more common than in the economy as a whole. The location quotient is how many times more concentrated it is here (a value of 5 means five times its economy-wide share).
| Industry | Concentration | Workers |
|---|---|---|
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 75.56× | 1,650 |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 5.92× | 8,170 |
| Manufacturing · Sector | 2.7× | 4,410 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 0.97× | 350 |
| Temporary Help Services · National industry | 0.82× | 280 |
| Educational Services · Sector | 0.76× | 1,330 |
| Health Care and Social Assistance · Sector | 0.34× | 1,010 |
| Wholesale Trade · Sector | 0.31× | 240 |
Related occupations
Part of the Agriculture and Energy & Natural Resources career clusters.
- Biochemists and Biophysicists · 19-1021.00 Compare →
- Biological Technicians · 19-4021.00 Compare →
- Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists · 19-1042.00 Compare →
- Histotechnologists · 29-2011.04 Compare →
- Geneticists · 19-1029.03 Compare →
- Chemists · 19-2031.00 Compare →
- Molecular and Cellular Biologists · 19-1029.02 Compare →
- Biologists · 19-1029.04 Compare →
- Physicians, Pathologists · 29-1222.00 Compare →
- Epidemiologists · 19-1041.00 Compare →
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists · 29-2011.00 Compare →
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians · 29-2012.00 Compare →
Side-by-side comparisons place two occupations’ pay, preparation, skills, and AI exposure on the same page — same data, same scale, no forecast.
What you can do with this
Options the data surfaces for Microbiologists — not advice or a forecast. Each is a real cross-link you can follow into the evidence.
Skills that travel
Capabilities this work builds that are used across many other occupations.
Adjacent roles
Occupations O*NET rates as related — the nearby moves on the map.
Paths in
How people typically prepare for this work.
- Bachelor's degree · typical entry level
- Job zone 4 — Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed · preparation tier
- Agriculture, Agriculture Operations, and Related Sciences · field of study
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences · field of study
Zoom out
On the global GenAI exposure gradient this work sits around the 77th percentile of 427 international occupations.
Write a report on thisheadline · factoids · citation
Microbiologists show 59th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 1,700 annual U.S. openings
- Microbiologists rank in the 59th percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated.Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE
- The occupation is projected to see about 1,700 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- BLS projects employment to be about average (+4.1%) from 2024 to 2034.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- Median annual pay is $87,330, across about 19,760 U.S. workers.BLS OEWS (May 2024)
- Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 56% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census.2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2
Copy the whole kit
Microbiologists show 59th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 1,700 annual U.S. openings • Microbiologists rank in the 59th percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated. (Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE) • The occupation is projected to see about 1,700 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • BLS projects employment to be about average (+4.1%) from 2024 to 2034. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • Median annual pay is $87,330, across about 19,760 U.S. workers. (BLS OEWS (May 2024)) • Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 56% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census. (2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2) Source: Singulariki — "Microbiologists". https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-1022-00 Note: AI task overlap measures what today's AI can attempt, not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
AssetsShare imageMethodology & sourcesPress & newsroomThe newsroom
Every line is built only from figures this page already shows and cites. AI task overlap means what today's AI can attempt — not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
Sources for this page
Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.
- O*NET 30.3 U.S. Department of Labor / National Center for O*NET Development
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27) Anthropic
- Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai Microsoft Research
- “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130 OpenAI / academic
- AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans academic
- ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025 International Labour Organization
- IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022 Institute for Structural Research (IBS)
- Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation academic
- Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome academic
Data compiled June 2, 2026. Figures are estimates, not advice.
Cite this page
Plain
Singulariki. "Microbiologists." Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Built from O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026. https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-1022-00
APA
Singulariki. (2026). Microbiologists. Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-1022-00
BibTeX
@misc{singulariki-role-19-1022-00,
title = {Microbiologists},
author = {{Singulariki}},
year = {2026},
note = {O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026},
url = {https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-1022-00}
} Citations name the underlying public dataset releases — they reflect what this page is built from, not just the URL.