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Other Services (except Public Administration)

Sector · NAICS 81

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Other Services (except Public Administration) is a U.S. industry in the NAICS classification. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates about 4,426,400 workers across 556 detailed occupations in it. A typical worker earns around $50,697 a year (Singulariki estimate, see below).

The Sector as a Whole The Other Services (except Public Administration) sector comprises establishments engaged in providing services not specifically provided for elsewhere in the classification system. Establishments in this sector are primarily engaged in activities such as equipment and machinery repairing, promoting or administering religious activities, grantmaking, advocacy, and providing drycleaning and laundry services, personal care services, death care services, pet care (except veterinary) services, photofinishing services, temporary parking services, and dating services. Private households that engage in employing workers on or about the premises in activities primarily concerned with the operation of the household are included in this sector. Excluded from this sector are establishments primarily engaged in retailing new equipment and also performing repairs and general maintenance on equipment. These establishments are classified in Sector 44-45, Retail Trade.

Employment is national May 2024 OEWS. "Typical pay" is Singulariki's own figure — the employment-weighted average of each occupation's national median wage — a rough center of the industry, not an official BLS number.

How exposed this industry is to AI

Weighting every occupation in this industry by its employment and its unified AI-exposure index (the OpenAI "GPTs are GPTs" human-rated task overlap folded with the Felten/Raj/Seamans AIOE index), this industry sits in the Moderate band — 41st percentile across all industries.

Exposure measures how much of the work overlaps with what today's AI can do, not a prediction of automation; high-exposure industries are where AI is most likely to reshape tasks. Employment-weighted across 464 occupations that carry an exposure score. Compare every industry on the AI exposure hub.

How AI is actually used in this industry

Among measured Claude.ai (Free and Pro) conversations mapped to O*NET task statements (Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15), these patterns are most associated with the occupations in this industry, weighted by its employment mix. They are shares of observed AI conversations — not of worker time, revenue, or what could be automated — and reflect one AI assistant's consumer sample, not all AI.

Signal coverage 66.5% of employment · 288/506 occupations have AEI task data
Augmentation vs. automation 45.4% working with AI · 34.7% handed to AI
Most common pattern Directive · AI does it; you give the instruction
Typical AI autonomy 3.5 / 5 · higher = AI acts more independently

Tasks driving the signal

The task families that account for the most AI activity across this industry's occupations (employment × observed usage), each attributed to the occupation it comes from.

Task Occupation How Share of signal
Troubleshoot problems involving office equipment, such as computer hardware and software. Office Clerks, General Feedback loop 28.4%
Use computers for various applications, such as database management or word processing. Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Directive 5.2%
Conduct searches to find needed information, using such sources as the Internet. Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Directive 4.8%
Develop or maintain internal or external company Web sites. Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive Directive 3.6%
Answer customers' questions, and provide information on procedures or policies. Cashiers Directive 2.8%
Prepare or edit organizational publications, such as employee newsletters or stockholders' reports, for internal or external audiences. Public Relations Specialists Iteration 1.8%
Prepare, rewrite and edit copy to improve readability, or supervise others who do this work. Editors Iteration 1.5%
Read from sacred texts such as the Bible, Torah, or Koran. Clergy Learning 1.4%
Analyze patrons' hair and other physical features to determine and recommend beauty treatment or suggest hair styles. Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists Iteration 1.4%
Participate in the work of subordinates to facilitate productivity or to overcome difficult aspects of work. First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers Iteration 1.4%
Process and prepare documents, such as business or government forms and expense reports. Office Clerks, General Directive 1.1%
Conduct classes, workshops, and demonstrations, and provide individual instruction to teach topics and skills such as cooking, dancing, writing, physical fitness, photography, personal finance, and flying. Self-Enrichment Teachers Learning 1.1%

Occupations behind the signal

The occupations whose AI-touched tasks contribute most to this industry's signal, by employment here.

Occupation Workers Share How they use AI
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 261,290 5.9% Iteration
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 242,800 5.5% Learning
General and Operations Managers 223,260 5.0% Iteration
Office Clerks, General 121,170 2.7% Feedback loop
Receptionists and Information Clerks 109,250 2.5% Directive
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 98,010 2.2% Directive
Parking Attendants 73,190 1.7% Directive
Customer Service Representatives 68,730 1.6% Directive
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 63,560 1.4% Directive
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 62,890 1.4% Directive
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 53,520 1.2% Learning
Industrial Machinery Mechanics 52,870 1.2% Directive

This rollup is only as complete as the occupation-task matches available for the industry; the coverage figure above is shown so sparse industries do not look falsely precise. AI exposure is not the same as replacement.

Skill & tool metabolism

What this industry's work actually runs on. Each figure is the share of the industry's workers in occupations that significantly rely on a skill, knowledge area, or ability (O*NET importance ≥ 3 of 5), or that use a tool category — its employment reach. This is a measure of how widespread a requirement is across the workforce, not how intensively any one worker uses it. Shares are independent and need not add to 100%.

Based on 94.6% of this industry's employment that maps to a detailed occupation with an O*NET skill profile.

Skills

Skill Employment reach Workers
Active Listening 87.4% 3,867,850
Speaking 81.3% 3,599,170
Critical Thinking 72.5% 3,208,080
Monitoring 72.1% 3,193,010
Social Perceptiveness 66.0% 2,919,230
Time Management 65.6% 2,902,350
Service Orientation 63.6% 2,817,180
Reading Comprehension 62.8% 2,779,470
Judgment and Decision Making 57.9% 2,564,970
Complex Problem Solving 53.4% 2,365,690
Coordination 53.4% 2,364,440
Writing 44.9% 1,986,550

Knowledge areas

Knowledge area Employment reach Workers
Customer and Personal Service 85.3% 3,777,030
English Language 70.0% 3,099,210
Administration and Management 47.9% 2,121,800
Administrative 40.4% 1,786,250
Computers and Electronics 36.0% 1,592,090
Mathematics 31.1% 1,374,980
Sales and Marketing 21.0% 930,970
Mechanical 19.8% 875,280
Education and Training 19.6% 866,480
Production and Processing 17.8% 787,630
Public Safety and Security 17.1% 756,930
Personnel and Human Resources 17.0% 752,430

Abilities

Abilitie Employment reach Workers
Near Vision 94.5% 4,184,430
Oral Expression 88.6% 3,921,470
Oral Comprehension 86.5% 3,829,150
Problem Sensitivity 83.5% 3,695,810
Speech Recognition 80.3% 3,552,400
Information Ordering 77.0% 3,407,410
Deductive Reasoning 72.4% 3,206,310
Speech Clarity 72.0% 3,188,100
Written Comprehension 70.3% 3,109,710
Inductive Reasoning 68.4% 3,028,750
Category Flexibility 59.0% 2,610,910
Selective Attention 56.7% 2,511,460

Tool categories

Tool category Employment reach Workers
Spreadsheet software 91.0% 4,026,700
Office suite software 87.3% 3,863,930
Word processing software 83.9% 3,713,980
Data base user interface and query software 81.9% 3,624,900
Electronic mail software 75.3% 3,334,140
Operating system software 58.6% 2,595,950
Presentation software 55.3% 2,445,890
Internet browser software 55.2% 2,443,370
Calendar and scheduling software 48.7% 2,155,550
Enterprise resource planning ERP software 44.8% 1,983,430
Project management software 41.4% 1,834,730
Web page creation and editing software 40.2% 1,781,130
Accounting software 39.7% 1,756,550
Customer relationship management CRM software 34.7% 1,533,910
Document management software 34.4% 1,522,250

Reach = share of industry employment in occupations where the requirement is significant; it is not a per-worker usage or proficiency measure. Skill, knowledge, and ability importance is from O*NET; tool use is reported presence of a technology category.

Largest occupations

Exposure quadrant: AI task-overlap percentile vs Median pay AI task-overlap (horizontal) versus median pay (vertical), each as a percentile across all scored occupations, for 39 occupations in Other Services (except Public Administration). Overlap measures shared tasks with AI, not automation. Lower overlap · higher pay Higher overlap · higher pay Higher overlap · lower pay Lower overlap · lower pay Massage Therapists Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors Automotive Body and Related Repairers Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists Industrial Machinery Mechanics Skincare Specialists Childcare Workers Recreation Workers First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers General and Operations Managers Labor Relations Specialists Social and Human Service Assistants Fundraisers Clergy Counter and Rental Clerks First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers Business Operations Specialists, All Other Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks AI task-overlap percentile → ↑ Median pay
The largest occupations in this industry with both an AI task-overlap score and a wage, plotted by task-overlap percentile (horizontal) and median-pay percentile (vertical). Overlap measures shared tasks with AI, not automation.

The occupations that employ the most people in this industry, with their share of the industry's workforce and national median pay for the occupation (not industry-specific pay).

Occupation Workers Share National median pay
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 261,290 5.9% $35,580
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 242,800 5.5% $48,330
General and Operations Managers 223,260 5.0% $87,900
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment 155,340 3.5% $32,640
Animal Caretakers 154,470 3.5% $33,280
Manicurists and Pedicurists 145,870 3.3% $34,650
Office Clerks, General 121,170 2.7% $40,070
Automotive Body and Related Repairers 111,450 2.5% $52,310
Receptionists and Information Clerks 109,250 2.5% $33,950
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 98,010 2.2% $44,500
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers 96,930 2.2% $33,650
Parking Attendants 73,190 1.7% $34,960
Customer Service Representatives 68,730 1.6% $38,030
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 63,560 1.4% $68,770
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 62,890 1.4% $48,010
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 53,520 1.2% $45,030
Industrial Machinery Mechanics 52,870 1.2% $60,290
Counter and Rental Clerks 52,250 1.2% $36,570
Skincare Specialists 51,870 1.2% $38,570
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 51,590 1.2% $35,270
Labor Relations Specialists 50,610 1.1% $93,670
Massage Therapists 50,170 1.1% $55,640
Business Operations Specialists, All Other 46,900 1.1% $66,050
Bartenders 42,310 1.0% $27,580
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers 42,100 1.0% $45,200
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel 41,900 0.9% $54,160
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors 41,000 0.9% $39,450
Public Relations Specialists 40,730 0.9% $65,930
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants 39,810 0.9% $34,450
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material Moving Workers, Except Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors 37,660 0.9% $46,170
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers 36,780 0.8% $59,230
Accountants and Auditors 34,560 0.8% $79,990
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 34,190 0.8% $60,080
Fundraisers 32,940 0.7% $69,980
Childcare Workers 32,340 0.7% $31,470
Funeral Attendants 30,300 0.7% $34,610
Social and Human Service Assistants 29,220 0.7% $46,260
Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 29,170 0.7% $52,010
Recreation Workers 28,260 0.6% $35,040
Clergy 27,840 0.6% $58,550

Showing the top 40 of 556 occupations by employment.

Most distinctive occupations

The occupations most unusually concentrated in this industry compared with the economy as a whole. The location quotient is how many times more common an occupation is here versus its economy-wide share (a value of 5 means five times as concentrated).

For a sector this broad, the location quotient has a ceiling set by the sector's own share of national employment, so the top values tend to cluster near that limit.

Occupation Concentration Workers
Funeral Home Managers 34.59× 13,030
Funeral Attendants 34.54× 30,300
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Arrangers 34.37× 25,360
Manicurists and Pedicurists 34.37× 145,870
Shampooers 34.25× 8,740
Embalmers 34.02× 3,340
Barbers 33.99× 17,660
Crematory Operators 32.94× 2,790
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists 30.8× 261,290
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials 30.59× 23,560
Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers 30.18× 16,410
Religious Workers, All Other 30× 10,480
Directors, Religious Activities and Education 27.69× 17,060
Labor Relations Specialists 27.29× 50,610
Skincare Specialists 25.72× 51,870
Automotive Body and Related Repairers 25.01× 111,450
Animal Caretakers 19.4× 154,470
Parking Attendants 18.93× 73,190
Massage Therapists 18.2× 50,170
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers 17.28× 96,930

Sub-industries

More detailed industries within Other Services (except Public Administration).

Write a report on thisheadline · factoids · citation

The Other Services (except Public Administration) workforce sits at the 41st percentile of AI task overlap — 4,426,400 U.S. workers

  • Weighting every occupation by its real share of Other Services (except Public Administration) employment, the industry's workforce ranks in the 41st percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap — overlap with what AI can attempt, not a measure of jobs at risk.Eloundou et al. + Felten AIOE, weighted by BLS OEWS
  • The industry employs about 4,426,400 U.S. workers across 556 occupations.BLS OEWS (May 2024)
  • Employment-weighted typical annual pay is about $50,697.BLS OEWS (May 2024)
  • Of AI use observed across this industry's occupations, 45% looks like augmentation rather than automation — from a Claude.ai sample, not a census.Anthropic Economic Index
Copy the whole kit
The Other Services (except Public Administration) workforce sits at the 41st percentile of AI task overlap — 4,426,400 U.S. workers

• Weighting every occupation by its real share of Other Services (except Public Administration) employment, the industry's workforce ranks in the 41st percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap — overlap with what AI can attempt, not a measure of jobs at risk. (Eloundou et al. + Felten AIOE, weighted by BLS OEWS)
• The industry employs about 4,426,400 U.S. workers across 556 occupations. (BLS OEWS (May 2024))
• Employment-weighted typical annual pay is about $50,697. (BLS OEWS (May 2024))
• Of AI use observed across this industry's occupations, 45% looks like augmentation rather than automation — from a Claude.ai sample, not a census. (Anthropic Economic Index)

Source: Singulariki — "Other Services (except Public Administration)". https://singulariki.com/industries/81
Note: AI task overlap measures what today's AI can attempt, not automation, job loss, or a forecast.

AssetsShare imageMethodology & sourcesPress & newsroomThe newsroom

Every line is built only from figures this page already shows and cites. AI task overlap means what today's AI can attempt — not automation, job loss, or a forecast.

Sources for this page

Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.

Data compiled June 3, 2026. Figures are estimates, not advice.

Cite this page
Plain

Singulariki. "Other Services (except Public Administration)." Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Built from O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; Census NAICS 2022; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans. Accessed June 7, 2026. https://singulariki.com/industries/81

APA

Singulariki. (2026). Other Services (except Public Administration). Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https://singulariki.com/industries/81

BibTeX 
@misc{singulariki-81,
  title  = {Other Services (except Public Administration)},
  author = {{Singulariki}},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; Census NAICS 2022; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans. Accessed June 7, 2026},
  url    = {https://singulariki.com/industries/81}
}

Citations name the underlying public dataset releases — they reflect what this page is built from, not just the URL.