Occupation · SOC 13-2082.00
Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses.
Also called: CPA (Certified Public Accountant) · Enrolled Agent · Tax Advisor · Tax Preparer · Income Tax Preparer · Tax Accountant · Tax Associate · Tax Consultant · Tax Professional · Tax Specialist · Corporate Tax Preparer · Credentialed Tax Expert
Job family: Business and Financial Operations Occupations
A source-stamped Markdown brief of this occupation — paste it into an agent, or fetch
/roles/role-13-2082-00/context.md directly.
A fast read on where AI already shows up in this occupation, where it stays a copilot, where humans remain in the loop, and what the labor market is doing. Built from observed Claude.ai conversations mapped to O*NET tasks and from published research — measures of usage and exposure, not advice or predictions that the job is going away.
Task areas where people work with AI — iterating, learning, or checking — staying in the loop rather than handing the task off.
Task areas where a human was still judged necessary in a large share of observed conversations — not a safety ruling, an observed-need signal.
The capabilities O*NET rates most important for this occupation — the human ground the work is built on.
See all skills →Independent published positions, read together — not a forecast.
95th-percentile task overlap — yet about 10,400 openings a year (+4.5% projected, BLS), and observed AI use leans 7952% copilot, not hand-off (AEI) . What exposure means →
What today's research says about this occupation's exposure to AI, how AI is actually being used in it, and where employment is headed. These are positions within published studies — measures of exposure and usage, not predictions that this job will disappear.
Each study uses its own scale, so the raw scores are not comparable across rows — the percentile (this job's rank among all U.S. occupations with data) is the comparable figure, and sizes the bars.
| Measure | Rank vs all occupations | Percentile | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) High | 86th | 1.3 | |
| LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) High | 95th | 1.0 | |
| AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) High | 90th | 0.3 |
OpenAI's exposure study scores tasks three ways: with a language model alone (α 0.3), with simple added tooling (β 0.6), and including AI-powered software (γ 1.0). Higher means more of the job's tasks could be done at least twice as fast — not that they will be automated away.
This job mostly cannot be done remotely (Dingel–Neiman) — its hands-on tasks sit outside what software-based AI reaches.
A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
Frey–Osborne probability 1.0 · 99th percentile among occupations · High
Among measured AI assistant conversations mapped to this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15), these task types came up most. These are shares of observed AI conversations — not shares of the job, of worker time, or of what could be automated.
| Explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies. | 9.7% | |
| Furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion. | 0.9% | |
| Answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients. | 0.7% | |
| Prepare or assist in preparing simple to complex tax returns for individuals or small businesses. | 0.3% | |
| Check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures. | 0.2% |
Independent U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projection for 2024–2034 — a labor-market forecast, not an AI-impact forecast.
| Outlook | About average · +4.5% by 2034 |
| Projected annual openings | 10,400 |
| Employment 2024 → 2034 | 90,600 → 94,700 |
“Annual openings” counts new jobs plus replacements for workers who leave the occupation, so it can be large even when growth is modest.
The ILO's 2025 global study scores generative-AI exposure on the international ISCO-08 occupation system, not US SOC. Bridged through the published (and approximate, many-to-many) IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 crosswalk, this US occupation corresponds to the international occupation below. Exposure here means how much of the work's tasks today's AI can attempt — task overlap, not automation, adoption, or jobs lost.
| International occupation (ISCO-08) | Task exposure (2025) | Most tasks fall in |
|---|---|---|
| Accountants · 2411 | 51% | Gradient 3 |
Read the whole six-band gradient on the GenAI exposure gradient page. The crosswalk is approximate: a US occupation can map to several international ones, and the ILO scores describe the international occupation, not this exact US role.
How people actually apply AI to this occupation's tasks, from Claude.ai (Free and Pro) conversations in the Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15. This is one AI assistant's consumer sample — not all AI, not the whole workforce. Autonomy and the collaboration mix are model-rated estimates; figures below the sample floor are hidden.
| Augmentation vs. automation | 79.5% working with AI · 15.8% handed to AI |
| Most common way people use AI here | Learning · you ask AI to explain or teach |
| Typical AI autonomy | 3.0 / 5 · higher = AI acts more independently |
| Used for work (vs. personal / coursework) | 21.0% |
The role's most common tasks in AI conversations, each tagged with how people work with the AI on it. “Usage” is the share of observed conversations, not of the job.
| Task | How | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies. | Learning | 7.5% |
| Furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion. | Learning | 1.1% |
| Check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures. | Validation | 0.7% |
| Answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients. | Learning | 0.3% |
Tasks where the model most often judged that a person remained necessary — a useful read on the current boundary, not a guarantee.
| Furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion. | 99.1% | |
| Answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients. | 97.1% | |
| Explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies. | 96.8% | |
| Check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures. | 92.9% |
Example prompts phrased from the tasks people most often delegate to AI in this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index). Each shows the underlying measured task and its share of observed AI use. They are suggested phrasings of real tasks — starting points, not endorsed instructions.
Help me explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies. From: Explain federal and state tax laws to individuals and companies. · 7.5% of measured AI use · learning
Help me furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion. From: Furnish taxpayers with sufficient information and advice to ensure correct tax form completion. · 1.1% of measured AI use · learning
Help me check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures. From: Check data input or verify totals on forms prepared by others to detect errors in arithmetic, data entry, or procedures. · 0.7% of measured AI use · validation
Help me answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients. From: Answer questions and provide future tax planning to clients. · 0.3% of measured AI use · learning
All 12 tasks O*NET lists for this occupation, ordered by importance. Each links to its own page with AI-exposure and observed-use detail.
O*NET importance rating, from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important).
| Reading Comprehension | 4.0 | |
| Active Listening | 3.9 | |
| Critical Thinking | 3.5 | |
| Speaking | 3.1 | |
| Active Learning | 3.1 | |
| Writing | 3.0 | |
| Mathematics | 3.0 | |
| Monitoring | 3.0 | |
| Learning Strategies | 2.8 |
| Oral Comprehension | 4.0 | |
| Written Comprehension | 3.9 | |
| Oral Expression | 3.9 | |
| Near Vision | 3.9 | |
| Deductive Reasoning | 3.8 | |
| Inductive Reasoning | 3.3 | |
| Information Ordering | 3.3 | |
| Number Facility | 3.3 | |
| Category Flexibility | 3.1 | |
| Speech Clarity | 3.1 | |
| Written Expression | 3.0 | |
| Fluency of Ideas | 3.0 | |
| Problem Sensitivity | 3.0 | |
| Mathematical Reasoning | 3.0 | |
| Flexibility of Closure | 3.0 | |
| Perceptual Speed | 3.0 | |
| Selective Attention | 3.0 | |
| Speech Recognition | 3.0 |
| Economics and Accounting | 3.9 | |
| English Language | 3.8 | |
| Customer and Personal Service | 3.7 | |
| Mathematics | 3.6 | |
| Law and Government | 3.6 | |
| Computers and Electronics | 3.5 | |
| Administrative | 3.2 |
| Time Management | 3.1 | |
| Service Orientation | 3.0 | |
| Judgment and Decision Making | 3.0 | |
| Social Perceptiveness | 2.9 | |
| Complex Problem Solving | 2.9 | |
| Coordination | 2.8 |
Skills employers ask for in job postings for this occupation (Lightcast), with whether each is a common or specialized skill.
Showing the top 40 of 41.
Showing the top 40 of 41.
How characteristic each condition is of the job, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale (higher = more present in day-to-day work). Each condition links to how it varies across all occupations.
What to study: Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services . Fields of study crosswalked to this occupation (NCES CIP–SOC), not a requirement.
Share of people in this occupation at each level of education.
| High School Diploma | 38.1% | |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 23.8% | |
| Bachelor's Degree | 23.8% | |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 14.3% |
The interests and personal qualities O*NET associates with people who do this work.
| Conventional | 6.8 | |
| Enterprising | 3.4 | |
| Investigative | 2.4 | |
| Social | 2.3 | |
| Realistic | 2.2 |
| Accounting | 6.6 | |
| Office Work | 6.0 | |
| Finance | 4.5 | |
| Law | 2.9 | |
| Mathematics/Statistics | 2.7 | |
| Professional Advising | 2.3 | |
| Personal Service | 2.2 |
| Dependability | 4.0 | |
| Attention to Detail | 3.0 | |
| Cautiousness | 2.2 | |
| Integrity | 2.2 |
U.S. · annual wages (BLS OEWS)
| 10th percentile | $30,500 |
| 25th percentile | $37,750 |
| Median (50th) | $50,560 |
| 75th percentile | $75,590 |
| 90th percentile | $96,240 |
| People employed | 73,570 |
Where these workers are employed, by number of jobs (national, BLS OEWS). Pay shown is the occupation's national median, not industry-specific.
| Industry | Workers | National median pay |
|---|---|---|
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 71,590 | $49,950 |
| Information · Sector | 800 | $61,020 |
| Finance and Insurance · Sector | 520 | $80,510 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 100 | $59,840 |
| Health Care and Social Assistance · Sector | 90 | $43,680 |
| Wholesale Trade · Sector | 70 | $109,770 |
| Temporary Help Services · National industry | — | $62,290 |
Industries where this occupation is far more common than in the economy as a whole. The location quotient is how many times more concentrated it is here (a value of 5 means five times its economy-wide share).
| Industry | Concentration | Workers |
|---|---|---|
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 13.93× | 71,590 |
| Information · Sector | 0.58× | 800 |
| Finance and Insurance · Sector | 0.18× | 520 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 0.07× | 100 |
Part of the Financial Services career cluster.
Side-by-side comparisons place two occupations’ pay, preparation, skills, and AI exposure on the same page — same data, same scale, no forecast.
Options the data surfaces for Tax Preparers — not advice or a forecast. Each is a real cross-link you can follow into the evidence.
Capabilities this work builds that are used across many other occupations.
Occupations O*NET rates as related — the nearby moves on the map.
How people typically prepare for this work.
On the global GenAI exposure gradient this work sits around the 89th percentile of 427 international occupations.
Tax Preparers show 95th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 10,400 annual U.S. openings
Tax Preparers show 95th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 10,400 annual U.S. openings • Tax Preparers rank in the 95th percentile (High band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated. (Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE) • The occupation is projected to see about 10,400 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • BLS projects employment to be about average (+4.5%) from 2024 to 2034. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • Median annual pay is $50,560, across about 73,570 U.S. workers. (BLS OEWS (May 2024)) • Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 80% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census. (2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2) Source: Singulariki — "Tax Preparers". https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2082-00 Note: AI task overlap measures what today's AI can attempt, not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
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Every line is built only from figures this page already shows and cites. AI task overlap means what today's AI can attempt — not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.
Data compiled June 2, 2026. Figures are estimates, not advice.
Singulariki. "Tax Preparers." Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Built from O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026. https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2082-00
Singulariki. (2026). Tax Preparers. Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2082-00
@misc{singulariki-role-13-2082-00,
title = {Tax Preparers},
author = {{Singulariki}},
year = {2026},
note = {O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026},
url = {https://singulariki.com/roles/role-13-2082-00}
} Citations name the underlying public dataset releases — they reflect what this page is built from, not just the URL.