Often handed to AI
Task areas most often handled directively in observed AI conversations — candidates to delegate with light review.
- Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. · 1.1%
Industrial Ecologists
Occupation · SOC 19-2041.03
Apply principles and processes of natural ecosystems to develop models for efficient industrial systems. Use knowledge from the physical and social sciences to maximize effective use of natural resources in the production and use of goods and services. Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment.
Also called: Ecologist · Environmental Consultant · Environmental Protection Agency Counselor · Research Scientist · Researcher · Aquatic Ecologist · Eco-Industrial Development Consultant · Ecological Professional · Environmental Business Development Associate · Environmental Protection Activist · Environmental Protection Specialist · Forest Ecologist
Job family: Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Take this to your AI
A source-stamped Markdown brief of this occupation — paste it into an agent, or fetch
/roles/role-19-2041-03/context.md directly.
AI work map
A fast read on where AI already shows up in this occupation, where it stays a copilot, where humans remain in the loop, and what the labor market is doing. Built from observed Claude.ai conversations mapped to O*NET tasks and from published research — measures of usage and exposure, not advice or predictions that the job is going away.
Keep a human in the loop
Task areas where a human was still judged necessary in a large share of observed conversations — not a safety ruling, an observed-need signal.
- Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. · 100.0% need a human
Skills it runs on
The capabilities O*NET rates most important for this occupation — the human ground the work is built on.
See all skills →Market signal
Independent published positions, read together — not a forecast.
- About average employment outlook (+4.4% by 2034)
- 8,500 openings/yr
- Moderate AI exposure
- Observed AI use leans augmentation
- Median pay $80,060/yr
- Can largely be done remotely (teleworkable)
- A reversal from 2013 — rated low automation risk then (20th), high AI task-overlap now (78th)
78th-percentile task overlap — yet about 8,500 openings a year (+4.4% projected, BLS), and observed AI use leans 4909% copilot, not hand-off (AEI) . What exposure means →
AI & job outlook
What today's research says about this occupation's exposure to AI, how AI is actually being used in it, and where employment is headed. These are positions within published studies — measures of exposure and usage, not predictions that this job will disappear.
Exposure to current AI
Each study uses its own scale, so the raw scores are not comparable across rows — the percentile (this job's rank among all U.S. occupations with data) is the comparable figure, and sizes the bars.
| Measure | Rank vs all occupations | Percentile | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) High | 75th | 1.0 | |
| LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) High | 95th | 1.0 | |
| AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) Moderate | 60th | 0.2 |
OpenAI's exposure study scores tasks three ways: with a language model alone (α 0.1), with simple added tooling (β 0.5), and including AI-powered software (γ 1.0). Higher means more of the job's tasks could be done at least twice as fast — not that they will be automated away.
Most of this job's tasks can be done remotely (Dingel–Neiman), which tends to track with higher digital and AI exposure.
Historical automation estimate (2013)
A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
Frey–Osborne probability 0.0 · 20th percentile among occupations · Low
How AI is actually used in this job
Among measured AI assistant conversations mapped to this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15), these task types came up most. These are shares of observed AI conversations — not shares of the job, of worker time, or of what could be automated.
| Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. | 4.4% | |
| Review research literature to maintain knowledge on topics related to industrial ecology, such as physical science, technology, economy, and public policy. | 0.4% | |
| Build and maintain databases of information about energy alternatives, pollutants, natural environments, industrial processes, and other information related to ecological change. | 0.2% |
Job outlook
Independent U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projection for 2024–2034 — a labor-market forecast, not an AI-impact forecast.
| Outlook | About average · +4.4% by 2034 |
| Projected annual openings | 8,500 |
| Employment 2024 → 2034 | 90,300 → 94,300 |
“Annual openings” counts new jobs plus replacements for workers who leave the occupation, so it can be large even when growth is modest.
Where this work sits on the global GenAI gradient
The ILO's 2025 global study scores generative-AI exposure on the international ISCO-08 occupation system, not US SOC. Bridged through the published (and approximate, many-to-many) IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 crosswalk, this US occupation corresponds to the international occupation below. Exposure here means how much of the work's tasks today's AI can attempt — task overlap, not automation, adoption, or jobs lost.
Industrial Ecologists sits at the 74th percentile of 427
occupations on the global GenAI task-exposure gradient
— exposure rose from 2023 to 2025. Each dot is one occupation; the
ringed one is this work. Exposure is task overlap, not automation or jobs lost.
38% mean task exposure (2025)
74th percentile of 427 placed occupations
+3 pts shift 2023 → 2025
| International occupation (ISCO-08) | Task exposure (2025) | Most tasks fall in |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Protection Professionals · 2133 | 38% | Minimal |
Read the whole six-band gradient on the GenAI exposure gradient page. The crosswalk is approximate: a US occupation can map to several international ones, and the ILO scores describe the international occupation, not this exact US role.
Working with AI in this job
How people actually apply AI to this occupation's tasks, from Claude.ai (Free and Pro) conversations in the Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15. This is one AI assistant's consumer sample — not all AI, not the whole workforce. Autonomy and the collaboration mix are model-rated estimates; figures below the sample floor are hidden.
| Augmentation vs. automation | 49.1% working with AI · 44.5% handed to AI |
| Most common way people use AI here | Directive · AI does it; you give the instruction |
| Typical AI autonomy | 4.0 / 5 · higher = AI acts more independently |
| Used for work (vs. personal / coursework) | 20.9% |
What people delegate to AI
The role's most common tasks in AI conversations, each tagged with how people work with the AI on it. “Usage” is the share of observed conversations, not of the job.
| Task | How | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. | Directive | 1.1% |
Where a human is still needed
Tasks where the model most often judged that a person remained necessary — a useful read on the current boundary, not a guarantee.
| Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. | 100.0% |
What people most often hand AI here
Example prompts phrased from the tasks people most often delegate to AI in this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index). Each shows the underlying measured task and its share of observed AI use. They are suggested phrasings of real tasks — starting points, not endorsed instructions.
-
Help me examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment.From: Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. · 1.1% of measured AI use · directive
Tasks
All 38 tasks O*NET lists for this occupation, ordered by importance. Each links to its own page with AI-exposure and observed-use detail.
- Identify environmental impacts caused by products, systems, or projects. Core · importance 4.4
- Identify or develop strategies or methods to minimize the environmental impact of industrial production processes. Core · importance 4.4
- Analyze changes designed to improve the environmental performance of complex systems and avoid unintended negative consequences. Core · importance 4.4
- Conduct environmental sustainability assessments, using material flow analysis (MFA) or substance flow analysis (SFA) techniques. Core · importance 4.2
- Identify sustainable alternatives to industrial or waste-management practices. Core · importance 4.2
- Review research literature to maintain knowledge on topics related to industrial ecology, such as physical science, technology, economy, and public policy. Core · importance 4.2
- Redesign linear, or open-loop, systems into cyclical, or closed-loop, systems so that waste products become inputs for new processes, modeling natural ecosystems. Core · importance 4.1
- Prepare technical and research reports, such as environmental impact reports, and communicate the results to individuals in industry, government, or the general public. Core · importance 4.0
- Examine local, regional, or global use and flow of materials or energy in industrial production processes. Core · importance 3.9
- Monitor the environmental impact of development activities, pollution, or land degradation. Core · importance 3.9
- Build and maintain databases of information about energy alternatives, pollutants, natural environments, industrial processes, and other information related to ecological change. Core · importance 3.9
- Perform analyses to determine how human behavior can affect, and be affected by, changes in the environment. Core · importance 3.9
- Recommend methods to protect the environment or minimize environmental damage from industrial production practices. Core · importance 3.8
- Translate the theories of industrial ecology into eco-industrial practices. Core · importance 3.7
- Develop alternative energy investment scenarios to compare economic and environmental costs and benefits. Core · importance 3.6
- Carry out environmental assessments in accordance with applicable standards, regulations, or laws. Core · importance 3.5
- Examine societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. Core · importance 3.5
- Plan or conduct field research on topics such as industrial production, industrial ecology, population ecology, and environmental production or sustainability. Core · importance 3.5
- Create complex and dynamic mathematical models of population, community, or ecological systems. Core · importance 3.5
- Evaluate the effectiveness of industrial ecology programs, using statistical analysis and applications. Core · importance 3.4
- Forecast future status or condition of ecosystems, based on changing industrial practices or environmental conditions. Core · importance 3.4
- Review industrial practices, such as the methods and materials used in construction or production, to identify potential liabilities and environmental hazards. Core · importance 3.4
- Apply new or existing research about natural ecosystems to understand economic and industrial systems in the context of the environment. Core · importance 3.4
- Identify or compare the component parts or relationships between the parts of industrial, social, and natural systems. Core · importance 3.4
- Prepare plans to manage renewable resources. Core · importance 3.4
- Plan or conduct studies of the ecological implications of historic or projected changes in industrial processes or development. Core · importance 3.2
- Research sources of pollution to determine environmental impact or to develop methods of pollution abatement or control. Core · importance 3.2
- Perform environmentally extended input-output (EE I-O) analyses. Core · importance 3.2
- Promote use of environmental management systems (EMS) to reduce waste or to improve environmentally sound use of natural resources. Core · importance 3.1
- Develop or test protocols to monitor ecosystem components and ecological processes. Supplemental · importance 3.1
- Investigate the impact of changed land management or land use practices on ecosystems. Core · importance 3.0
- Research environmental effects of land and water use to determine methods of improving environmental conditions or increasing outputs, such as crop yields. Supplemental · importance 3.0
- Provide industrial managers with technical materials on environmental issues, regulatory guidelines, or compliance actions. Supplemental · importance 2.9
- Conduct applied research on the effects of industrial processes on the protection, restoration, inventory, monitoring, or reintroduction of species to the natural environment. Supplemental · importance 2.8
- Conduct scientific protection, mitigation, or restoration projects to prevent resource damage, maintain the integrity of critical habitats, and minimize the impact of human activities. Supplemental · importance 2.5
- Investigate accidents affecting the environment to assess ecological impact. Supplemental · importance 2.4
- Conduct analyses to determine the maximum amount of work that can be accomplished for a given amount of energy in a system, such as industrial production systems and waste treatment systems. Supplemental · importance 2.4
- Investigate the adaptability of various animal and plant species to changed environmental conditions. Supplemental · importance 2.1
Emerging tasks
Newer responsibilities O*NET has flagged as growing for this occupation.
- Conduct life cycle assessments of products.
Work activities
- Research environmental impact of industrial or development activities.
- Conduct research of processes in natural or industrial ecosystems.
- Research industrial processes or operations.
- Prepare information or documentation related to legal or regulatory matters.
- Appraise environmental impact of regulations or policies.
- Plan environmental research.
- Monitor environmental impacts of production or development activities.
- Identify sustainable business practices.
- Develop sustainable industrial or development methods.
- Develop environmental sustainability plans or projects.
- Develop mathematical models of environmental conditions.
- Plan natural resources conservation or restoration programs.
- Research impacts of environmental conservation initiatives.
- Develop technical or scientific databases.
- Advise others about environmental management or conservation.
- Apply knowledge or research findings to address environmental problems.
- Analyze project data to determine specifications or requirements.
- Evaluate energy production data.
- Research energy production, use, or conservation.
- Monitor industrial energy consumption or management.
- Conduct research on social issues.
- Analyze environmental data.
- Develop plans to manage natural or renewable resources.
- Prepare research or technical reports on environmental issues.
- Communicate results of environmental research.
- Promote environmental sustainability or conservation initiatives.
- Review professional literature to maintain professional knowledge.
Knowledge, skills & abilities
O*NET importance rating, from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important).
Knowledge
| Mathematics | 4.3 | |
| Engineering and Technology | 4.0 | |
| Chemistry | 3.5 | |
| Computers and Electronics | 3.4 | |
| Physics | 3.3 | |
| English Language | 3.2 | |
| Production and Processing | 3.2 | |
| Design | 3.2 | |
| Biology | 3.1 |
Essential skills
| Reading Comprehension | 4.1 | |
| Active Listening | 4.0 | |
| Writing | 4.0 | |
| Speaking | 4.0 | |
| Critical Thinking | 3.9 | |
| Science | 3.6 | |
| Active Learning | 3.6 | |
| Mathematics | 3.4 | |
| Monitoring | 3.1 | |
| Learning Strategies | 3.0 |
Abilities
| Deductive Reasoning | 4.1 | |
| Inductive Reasoning | 4.1 | |
| Written Expression | 4.0 | |
| Oral Expression | 3.9 | |
| Problem Sensitivity | 3.9 | |
| Oral Comprehension | 3.8 | |
| Written Comprehension | 3.8 | |
| Information Ordering | 3.8 | |
| Near Vision | 3.8 | |
| Speech Clarity | 3.8 | |
| Mathematical Reasoning | 3.6 | |
| Speech Recognition | 3.6 | |
| Category Flexibility | 3.5 | |
| Fluency of Ideas | 3.4 | |
| Originality | 3.4 | |
| Flexibility of Closure | 3.3 |
Transferable skills
| Complex Problem Solving | 3.8 | |
| Judgment and Decision Making | 3.8 | |
| Systems Analysis | 3.8 | |
| Systems Evaluation | 3.4 | |
| Social Perceptiveness | 3.1 |
Skills in demand
Skills employers ask for in job postings for this occupation (Lightcast), with whether each is a common or specialized skill.
Showing the top 40 of 53.
Tools & technology
Showing the top 40 of 45.
Work context
How characteristic each condition is of the job, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale (higher = more present in day-to-day work). Each condition links to how it varies across all occupations.
How to get in
- Job zone
- Zone 5 — Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed
- Education
- Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).
- Typical entry-level education
- Bachelor's degree · BLS, the typical path — not a requirement
- Related experience
- Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.
- Preparation level
- SVP (8.0 and above) — total schooling plus on-the-job experience.
What to study: Biological and Biomedical Sciences , Health Professions and Related Programs , Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies , Natural Resources and Conservation , Physical Sciences . Fields of study crosswalked to this occupation (NCES CIP–SOC), not a requirement.
Education of current workers
Share of people in this occupation at each level of education.
| Master's Degree | 65.2% | |
| Bachelor's Degree | 21.7% | |
| Doctoral Degree | 8.7% | |
| Post-Baccalaureate Certificate | 4.3% |
Interests & work styles
The interests and personal qualities O*NET associates with people who do this work.
Career interests (Holland / RIASEC)
| Investigative | 7.0 | |
| Realistic | 4.6 | |
| Conventional | 4.0 | |
| Enterprising | 3.0 | |
| Artistic | 2.1 | |
| Social | 1.9 |
Wages & employment
U.S. · annual wages (BLS OEWS)
| 10th percentile | $50,130 |
| 25th percentile | $62,090 |
| Median (50th) | $80,060 |
| 75th percentile | $103,730 |
| 90th percentile | $134,830 |
| People employed | 84,930 |
Wages and employment are reported by BLS for the broader occupation group this specialty belongs to (SOC 19-2041), not for the specialty alone.
Industries that employ this occupation
Where these workers are employed, by number of jobs (national, BLS OEWS). Pay shown is the occupation's national median, not industry-specific.
| Industry | Workers | National median pay |
|---|---|---|
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 32,170 | $77,920 |
| Engineering Services · National industry | 8,940 | $77,960 |
| Educational Services · Sector | 2,640 | $82,360 |
| Other Services (except Public Administration) · Sector | 2,610 | $74,910 |
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 2,130 | $62,040 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 1,910 | $101,330 |
| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services · Sector | 1,690 | $74,670 |
| Manufacturing · Sector | 1,220 | $107,990 |
| Utilities · Sector | 1,160 | $108,480 |
| Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction · Sector | 690 | $73,180 |
| Temporary Help Services · National industry | 370 | $65,110 |
| Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation · National industry | 340 | $108,690 |
Where this work is most concentrated
Industries where this occupation is far more common than in the economy as a whole. The location quotient is how many times more concentrated it is here (a value of 5 means five times its economy-wide share).
| Industry | Concentration | Workers |
|---|---|---|
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 22.69× | 2,130 |
| Engineering Services · National industry | 14.04× | 8,940 |
| Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation · National industry | 8.66× | 340 |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 5.42× | 32,170 |
| Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities · National industry | 5.08× | 170 |
| Nuclear Electric Power Generation · National industry | 4.89× | 100 |
| Utilities · Sector | 3.63× | 1,160 |
| Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction · Sector | 2.18× | 690 |
Related occupations
Part of the Advanced Manufacturing , Energy & Natural Resources , Healthcare & Human Services and Public Service & Safety career clusters.
- Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health · 19-2041.00 Compare →
- Conservation Scientists · 19-1031.00 Compare →
- Environmental Restoration Planners · 19-2041.02 Compare →
- Water Resource Specialists · 11-9121.02 Compare →
- Soil and Plant Scientists · 19-1013.00 Compare →
- Environmental Engineers · 17-2081.00 Compare →
- Hydrologists · 19-2043.00 Compare →
- Climate Change Policy Analysts · 19-2041.01 Compare →
- Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health · 19-4042.00 Compare →
- Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers · 11-9199.11 Compare →
- Hydrologic Technicians · 19-4044.00 Compare →
- Biofuels/Biodiesel Technology and Product Development Managers · 11-9041.01 Compare →
Side-by-side comparisons place two occupations’ pay, preparation, skills, and AI exposure on the same page — same data, same scale, no forecast.
What you can do with this
Options the data surfaces for Industrial Ecologists — not advice or a forecast. Each is a real cross-link you can follow into the evidence.
Skills that travel
Capabilities this work builds that are used across many other occupations.
Adjacent roles
Occupations O*NET rates as related — the nearby moves on the map.
Paths in
How people typically prepare for this work.
- Bachelor's degree · typical entry level
- Job zone 5 — Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed · preparation tier
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences · field of study
- Health Professions and Related Programs · field of study
Zoom out
On the global GenAI exposure gradient this work sits around the 74th percentile of 427 international occupations.
Write a report on thisheadline · factoids · citation
Industrial Ecologists show 78th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 8,500 annual U.S. openings
- Industrial Ecologists rank in the 78th percentile (High band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated.Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE
- The occupation is projected to see about 8,500 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- BLS projects employment to be about average (+4.4%) from 2024 to 2034.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- Median annual pay is $80,060, across about 84,930 U.S. workers.BLS OEWS (May 2024)
- Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 49% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census.2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2
Copy the whole kit
Industrial Ecologists show 78th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 8,500 annual U.S. openings • Industrial Ecologists rank in the 78th percentile (High band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated. (Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE) • The occupation is projected to see about 8,500 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • BLS projects employment to be about average (+4.4%) from 2024 to 2034. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • Median annual pay is $80,060, across about 84,930 U.S. workers. (BLS OEWS (May 2024)) • Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 49% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census. (2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2) Source: Singulariki — "Industrial Ecologists". https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-2041-03 Note: AI task overlap measures what today's AI can attempt, not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
AssetsShare imageMethodology & sourcesPress & newsroomThe newsroom
Every line is built only from figures this page already shows and cites. AI task overlap means what today's AI can attempt — not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
Sources for this page
Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.
- O*NET 30.3 U.S. Department of Labor / National Center for O*NET Development
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27) Anthropic
- Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai Microsoft Research
- “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130 OpenAI / academic
- AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans academic
- ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025 International Labour Organization
- IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022 Institute for Structural Research (IBS)
- Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation academic
- Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome academic
Data compiled June 2, 2026. Figures are estimates, not advice.
Cite this page
Plain
Singulariki. "Industrial Ecologists." Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Built from O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026. https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-2041-03
APA
Singulariki. (2026). Industrial Ecologists. Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-2041-03
BibTeX
@misc{singulariki-role-19-2041-03,
title = {Industrial Ecologists},
author = {{Singulariki}},
year = {2026},
note = {O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026},
url = {https://singulariki.com/roles/role-19-2041-03}
} Citations name the underlying public dataset releases — they reflect what this page is built from, not just the URL.