Often handed to AI
Task areas most often handled directively in observed AI conversations — candidates to delegate with light review.
- Debug robotics programs. · 3.0%
- Analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. · 1.3%
Robotics Engineers
Occupation · SOC 17-2199.08
Research, design, develop, or test robotic applications.
Also called: Automation Engineer · Autonomous Vehicle Design Engineer · Design Engineer · Factory Automations Engineer · Research Engineer · Robotic Systems Engineer · Algorithm Engineer · Autonomy Engineer · Controls Engineer · Mechatronics Engineer · RPA Engineer (Robotic Process Automation Engineer) · Robot Operator
Job family: Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Take this to your AI
A source-stamped Markdown brief of this occupation — paste it into an agent, or fetch
/roles/role-17-2199-08/context.md directly.
AI work map
A fast read on where AI already shows up in this occupation, where it stays a copilot, where humans remain in the loop, and what the labor market is doing. Built from observed Claude.ai conversations mapped to O*NET tasks and from published research — measures of usage and exposure, not advice or predictions that the job is going away.
Use as a copilot
Task areas where people work with AI — iterating, learning, or checking — staying in the loop rather than handing the task off.
- Provide technical support for robotic systems. · 4.0%
- Design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing. · 3.0%
- Design robotic systems, such as automatic vehicle control, autonomous vehicles, advanced displays, advanced sensing, robotic platforms, computer vision, or telematics systems. · 0.9%
Keep a human in the loop
Task areas where a human was still judged necessary in a large share of observed conversations — not a safety ruling, an observed-need signal.
- Analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. · 98.4% need a human
- Document robotic application development, maintenance, or changes. · 89.2% need a human
- Write algorithms or programming code for ad hoc robotic applications. · 80.6% need a human
Skills it runs on
The capabilities O*NET rates most important for this occupation — the human ground the work is built on.
See all skills →Market signal
Independent published positions, read together — not a forecast.
- About average employment outlook (+2.1% by 2034)
- 9,300 openings/yr
- High AI exposure
- Observed AI use leans automation
- Median pay $117,750/yr
- Work is mostly on-site (not teleworkable)
- A reversal from 2013 — rated low automation risk then (9th), high AI task-overlap now (66th)
66th-percentile task overlap — yet about 9,300 openings a year (+2.1% projected, BLS), and observed AI use leans 4198% copilot, not hand-off (AEI) . What exposure means →
AI & job outlook
What today's research says about this occupation's exposure to AI, how AI is actually being used in it, and where employment is headed. These are positions within published studies — measures of exposure and usage, not predictions that this job will disappear.
Exposure to current AI
Each study uses its own scale, so the raw scores are not comparable across rows — the percentile (this job's rank among all U.S. occupations with data) is the comparable figure, and sizes the bars.
| Measure | Rank vs all occupations | Percentile | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall AI exposure (Felten et al.) High | 67th | 0.8 | |
| LLM task exposure, γ (OpenAI / Eloundou) Moderate | 61st | 0.8 | |
| AI assistant applicability (Microsoft) High | 71st | 0.2 |
OpenAI's exposure study scores tasks three ways: with a language model alone (α 0.4), with simple added tooling (β 0.6), and including AI-powered software (γ 0.8). Higher means more of the job's tasks could be done at least twice as fast — not that they will be automated away.
This job mostly cannot be done remotely (Dingel–Neiman) — its hands-on tasks sit outside what software-based AI reaches.
Historical automation estimate (2013)
A pre-LLM (2013) estimate of how automatable this job is by computerization and robotics. Shown for historical context only — it is not part of any current AI ranking.
Frey–Osborne probability 0.0 · 9th percentile among occupations · Low
How AI is actually used in this job
Among measured AI assistant conversations mapped to this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15), these task types came up most. These are shares of observed AI conversations — not shares of the job, of worker time, or of what could be automated.
| Debug robotics programs. | 2.8% | |
| Design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing. | 1.7% | |
| Provide technical support for robotic systems. | 1.2% | |
| Write algorithms or programming code for ad hoc robotic applications. | 1.1% | |
| Document robotic application development, maintenance, or changes. | 0.9% | |
| Design robotic systems, such as automatic vehicle control, autonomous vehicles, advanced displays, advanced sensing, robotic platforms, computer vision, or telematics systems. | 0.9% |
Job outlook
Independent U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projection for 2024–2034 — a labor-market forecast, not an AI-impact forecast.
| Outlook | About average · +2.1% by 2034 |
| Projected annual openings | 9,300 |
| Employment 2024 → 2034 | 158,800 → 162,100 |
“Annual openings” counts new jobs plus replacements for workers who leave the occupation, so it can be large even when growth is modest.
Where this work sits on the global GenAI gradient
The ILO's 2025 global study scores generative-AI exposure on the international ISCO-08 occupation system, not US SOC. Bridged through the published (and approximate, many-to-many) IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 crosswalk, this US occupation corresponds to the international occupation below. Exposure here means how much of the work's tasks today's AI can attempt — task overlap, not automation, adoption, or jobs lost.
Robotics Engineers sits at the 57th percentile of 427
occupations on the global GenAI task-exposure gradient
— exposure rose from 2023 to 2025. Each dot is one occupation; the
ringed one is this work. Exposure is task overlap, not automation or jobs lost.
30% mean task exposure (2025)
57th percentile of 427 placed occupations
+8 pts shift 2023 → 2025
| International occupation (ISCO-08) | Task exposure (2025) | Most tasks fall in |
|---|---|---|
| Engineering Professionals Not Elsewhere Classified · 2149 | 30% | Not exposed |
Read the whole six-band gradient on the GenAI exposure gradient page. The crosswalk is approximate: a US occupation can map to several international ones, and the ILO scores describe the international occupation, not this exact US role.
Working with AI in this job
How people actually apply AI to this occupation's tasks, from Claude.ai (Free and Pro) conversations in the Anthropic Economic Index, 2026-01-15. This is one AI assistant's consumer sample — not all AI, not the whole workforce. Autonomy and the collaboration mix are model-rated estimates; figures below the sample floor are hidden.
| Augmentation vs. automation | 42.0% working with AI · 48.3% handed to AI |
| Most common way people use AI here | Directive · AI does it; you give the instruction |
| Typical AI autonomy | 4.0 / 5 · higher = AI acts more independently |
| Used for work (vs. personal / coursework) | 26.1% |
What people delegate to AI
The role's most common tasks in AI conversations, each tagged with how people work with the AI on it. “Usage” is the share of observed conversations, not of the job.
| Task | How | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Provide technical support for robotic systems. | Learning | 4.0% |
| Design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing. | Iteration | 3.0% |
| Debug robotics programs. | Feedback loop | 3.0% |
| Analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. | Directive | 1.3% |
| Design robotic systems, such as automatic vehicle control, autonomous vehicles, advanced displays, advanced sensing, robotic platforms, computer vision, or telematics systems. | Iteration | 0.9% |
| Document robotic application development, maintenance, or changes. | Iteration | 0.8% |
| Install, calibrate, operate, or maintain robots. | — | 0.3% |
| Write algorithms or programming code for ad hoc robotic applications. | — | 0.3% |
Where a human is still needed
Tasks where the model most often judged that a person remained necessary — a useful read on the current boundary, not a guarantee.
| Analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. | 98.4% | |
| Document robotic application development, maintenance, or changes. | 89.2% | |
| Write algorithms or programming code for ad hoc robotic applications. | 80.6% | |
| Design robotic systems, such as automatic vehicle control, autonomous vehicles, advanced displays, advanced sensing, robotic platforms, computer vision, or telematics systems. | 78.8% | |
| Provide technical support for robotic systems. | 74.7% | |
| Install, calibrate, operate, or maintain robots. | 73.5% |
What people most often hand AI here
Example prompts phrased from the tasks people most often delegate to AI in this occupation (Anthropic Economic Index). Each shows the underlying measured task and its share of observed AI use. They are suggested phrasings of real tasks — starting points, not endorsed instructions.
-
Help me provide technical support for robotic systems.From: Provide technical support for robotic systems. · 4.0% of measured AI use · learning
-
Help me design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing.From: Design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing. · 3.0% of measured AI use · task iteration
-
Help me debug robotics programs.From: Debug robotics programs. · 3.0% of measured AI use · feedback loop
-
Help me analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes.From: Analyze and evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. · 1.3% of measured AI use · directive
Tasks
All 24 tasks O*NET lists for this occupation, ordered by importance. Each links to its own page with AI-exposure and observed-use detail.
- Review or approve designs, calculations, or cost estimates. Core · importance 4.1
- Process or interpret signals or sensor data. Core · importance 4.0
- Debug robotics programs. Core · importance 3.9
- Build, configure, or test robots or robotic applications. Core · importance 3.9
- Create back-ups of robot programs or parameters. Core · importance 3.9
- Provide technical support for robotic systems. Core · importance 3.8
- Design end-of-arm tooling. Core · importance 3.8
- Design robotic systems, such as automatic vehicle control, autonomous vehicles, advanced displays, advanced sensing, robotic platforms, computer vision, or telematics systems. Core · importance 3.8
- Supervise technologists, technicians, or other engineers. Core · importance 3.8
- Design software to control robotic systems for applications, such as military defense or manufacturing. Core · importance 3.8
- Conduct research on robotic technology to create new robotic systems or system capabilities. Core · importance 3.7
- Investigate mechanical failures or unexpected maintenance problems. Core · importance 3.7
- Integrate robotics with peripherals, such as welders, controllers, or other equipment. Core · importance 3.7
- Evaluate robotic systems or prototypes. Core · importance 3.7
- Install, calibrate, operate, or maintain robots. Core · importance 3.7
- Conduct research into the feasibility, design, operation, or performance of robotic mechanisms, components, or systems, such as planetary rovers, multiple mobile robots, reconfigurable robots, or man-machine interactions. Core · importance 3.6
- Document robotic application development, maintenance, or changes. Core · importance 3.6
- Design automated robotic systems to increase production volume or precision in high-throughput operations, such as automated ribonucleic acid (RNA) analysis or sorting, moving, or stacking production materials. Core · importance 3.5
- Design or program robotics systems for environmental clean-up applications to minimize human exposure to toxic or hazardous materials or to improve the quality or speed of clean-up operations. Supplemental · importance 3.5
- Write algorithms or programming code for ad hoc robotic applications. Core · importance 3.4
- Plan mobile robot paths and teach path plans to robots. Supplemental · importance 3.3
- Make system device lists or event timing charts. Core · importance 3.2
- Design robotics applications for manufacturers of green products, such as wind turbines or solar panels, to increase production time, eliminate waste, or reduce costs. Supplemental · importance 3.1
- Automate assays on laboratory robotics. Supplemental · importance 2.7
Work activities
- Supervise engineering or other technical personnel.
- Design electromechanical equipment or systems.
- Advise customers on the use of products or services.
- Evaluate designs or specifications to ensure quality.
- Document technical design details.
- Prepare operational reports.
- Program robotic equipment.
- Maintain operational records or records systems.
- Interpret design or operational test results.
- Investigate system, equipment, or product failures.
- Calibrate scientific or technical equipment.
- Install production equipment or systems.
- Operate industrial equipment.
- Design industrial equipment.
- Research advanced engineering designs or applications.
- Design industrial processing systems.
- Develop software or computer applications.
- Develop operational methods or processes that use green materials or emphasize sustainability.
- Test performance of electrical, electronic, mechanical, or integrated systems or equipment.
- Evaluate characteristics of equipment or systems.
Knowledge, skills & abilities
O*NET importance rating, from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important).
Knowledge
| Engineering and Technology | 4.8 | |
| Design | 4.6 | |
| Computers and Electronics | 4.5 | |
| Mechanical | 4.2 | |
| Mathematics | 4.2 | |
| English Language | 4.0 | |
| Physics | 3.9 | |
| Production and Processing | 3.7 |
Abilities
| Problem Sensitivity | 4.1 | |
| Oral Comprehension | 4.0 | |
| Written Comprehension | 4.0 | |
| Deductive Reasoning | 4.0 | |
| Inductive Reasoning | 4.0 | |
| Information Ordering | 4.0 | |
| Oral Expression | 3.9 | |
| Written Expression | 3.9 | |
| Fluency of Ideas | 3.9 | |
| Originality | 3.9 | |
| Category Flexibility | 3.9 | |
| Mathematical Reasoning | 3.9 | |
| Visualization | 3.9 | |
| Near Vision | 3.9 | |
| Flexibility of Closure | 3.8 | |
| Finger Dexterity | 3.5 | |
| Speech Recognition | 3.5 |
Essential skills
| Critical Thinking | 4.0 | |
| Reading Comprehension | 3.9 | |
| Active Listening | 3.9 | |
| Monitoring | 3.9 | |
| Writing | 3.8 | |
| Mathematics | 3.8 | |
| Active Learning | 3.8 | |
| Learning Strategies | 3.4 |
Transferable skills
| Complex Problem Solving | 3.9 | |
| Judgment and Decision Making | 3.9 | |
| Systems Analysis | 3.9 | |
| Operations Monitoring | 3.6 | |
| Troubleshooting | 3.6 | |
| Quality Control Analysis | 3.6 | |
| Time Management | 3.6 |
Skills in demand
Skills employers ask for in job postings for this occupation (Lightcast), with whether each is a common or specialized skill.
Showing the top 40 of 47.
Tools & technology
Showing the top 40 of 67.
Work context
How characteristic each condition is of the job, on O*NET's 1–5 context scale (higher = more present in day-to-day work). Each condition links to how it varies across all occupations.
How to get in
- Job zone
- Zone 4 — Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
- Education
- Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
- Typical entry-level education
- Bachelor's degree · BLS, the typical path — not a requirement
- Related experience
- A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
- Preparation level
- SVP (7.0 to < 8.0) — total schooling plus on-the-job experience.
What to study: Engineering , Engineering/Engineering-Related Technologies/Technicians , Health Professions and Related Programs . Fields of study crosswalked to this occupation (NCES CIP–SOC), not a requirement.
Education of current workers
Share of people in this occupation at each level of education.
| Bachelor's Degree | 50.0% | |
| Associate's Degree (or other 2-year degree) | 16.7% | |
| Master's Degree | 16.7% | |
| Post-Baccalaureate Certificate | 6.7% | |
| Doctoral Degree | 6.7% | |
| Some College Courses | 3.3% |
Interests & work styles
The interests and personal qualities O*NET associates with people who do this work.
Work styles
| Dependability | 7.0 | |
| Attention to Detail | 6.0 | |
| Cautiousness | 5.0 | |
| Intellectual Curiosity | 4.0 | |
| Achievement Orientation | 3.0 | |
| Innovation | 2.5 | |
| Adaptability | 2.0 |
Interest areas
| Engineering | 6.7 | |
| Mechanics/Electronics | 5.8 | |
| Information Technology | 5.2 | |
| Mathematics/Statistics | 4.8 | |
| Physical Science | 3.0 |
Career interests (Holland / RIASEC)
| Realistic | 6.2 | |
| Investigative | 5.6 | |
| Conventional | 4.5 |
Wages & employment
U.S. · annual wages (BLS OEWS)
| 10th percentile | $62,840 |
| 25th percentile | $85,750 |
| Median (50th) | $117,750 |
| 75th percentile | $152,670 |
| 90th percentile | $183,510 |
| People employed | 150,750 |
Wages and employment are reported by BLS for the broader occupation group this specialty belongs to (SOC 17-2199), not for the specialty alone.
Industries that employ this occupation
Where these workers are employed, by number of jobs (national, BLS OEWS). Pay shown is the occupation's national median, not industry-specific.
| Industry | Workers | National median pay |
|---|---|---|
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 37,330 | $112,040 |
| Manufacturing · Sector | 36,850 | $107,590 |
| Engineering Services · National industry | 16,150 | $101,730 |
| Wholesale Trade · Sector | 6,470 | $103,760 |
| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services · Sector | 6,030 | $95,040 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises · Sector | 5,210 | $122,930 |
| Information · Sector | 3,800 | $159,700 |
| Temporary Help Services · National industry | 3,680 | $88,000 |
| Construction · Sector | 3,520 | $81,570 |
| Utilities · Sector | 2,970 | $118,630 |
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 2,780 | $102,200 |
| Educational Services · Sector | 2,720 | $98,560 |
Where this work is most concentrated
Industries where this occupation is far more common than in the economy as a whole. The location quotient is how many times more concentrated it is here (a value of 5 means five times its economy-wide share).
| Industry | Concentration | Workers |
|---|---|---|
| Solar Electric Power Generation · National industry | 19.8× | 270 |
| Testing Laboratories and Services · National industry | 16.69× | 2,780 |
| Engineering Services · National industry | 14.29× | 16,150 |
| Wind Electric Power Generation · National industry | 11.33× | 110 |
| Utilities · Sector | 5.24× | 2,970 |
| Nuclear Electric Power Generation · National industry | 5.23× | 190 |
| Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation · National industry | 5.16× | 360 |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services · Sector | 3.55× | 37,330 |
Related occupations
Part of the Advanced Manufacturing , Agriculture , Construction and Energy & Natural Resources career clusters.
- Mechatronics Engineers · 17-2199.05 Compare →
- Electronics Engineers, Except Computer · 17-2072.00 Compare →
- Microsystems Engineers · 17-2199.06 Compare →
- Mechanical Engineers · 17-2141.00 Compare →
- Computer Hardware Engineers · 17-2061.00 Compare →
- Manufacturing Engineers · 17-2112.03 Compare →
- Automotive Engineers · 17-2141.02 Compare →
- Aerospace Engineers · 17-2011.00 Compare →
- Electrical Engineers · 17-2071.00 Compare →
- Software Developers · 15-1252.00 Compare →
- Robotics Technicians · 17-3024.01 Compare →
- Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians · 17-3024.00 Compare →
Side-by-side comparisons place two occupations’ pay, preparation, skills, and AI exposure on the same page — same data, same scale, no forecast.
What you can do with this
Options the data surfaces for Robotics Engineers — not advice or a forecast. Each is a real cross-link you can follow into the evidence.
Skills that travel
Capabilities this work builds that are used across many other occupations.
Adjacent roles
Occupations O*NET rates as related — the nearby moves on the map.
Paths in
How people typically prepare for this work.
- Bachelor's degree · typical entry level
- Job zone 4 — Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed · preparation tier
- Engineering · field of study
- Engineering/Engineering-Related Technologies/Technicians · field of study
Zoom out
On the global GenAI exposure gradient this work sits around the 57th percentile of 427 international occupations.
Write a report on thisheadline · factoids · citation
Robotics Engineers show 66th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 9,300 annual U.S. openings
- Robotics Engineers rank in the 66th percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated.Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE
- The occupation is projected to see about 9,300 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- BLS projects employment to be about average (+2.1%) from 2024 to 2034.BLS Employment Projections 2024–34
- Median annual pay is $117,750, across about 150,750 U.S. workers.BLS OEWS (May 2024)
- Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 42% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census.2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2
Copy the whole kit
Robotics Engineers show 66th-percentile AI task overlap — and about 9,300 annual U.S. openings • Robotics Engineers rank in the 66th percentile (Moderate band) for AI task overlap across U.S. occupations — a measure of how much of the work today's AI can attempt, not how much is automated. (Eloundou et al. (GPTs are GPTs) + Felten AIOE) • The occupation is projected to see about 9,300 U.S. job openings per year (2024–34), counting growth and replacement — a labor-demand projection made independently of AI. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • BLS projects employment to be about average (+2.1%) from 2024 to 2034. (BLS Employment Projections 2024–34) • Median annual pay is $117,750, across about 150,750 U.S. workers. (BLS OEWS (May 2024)) • Of the AI use actually observed for this work, 42% looks like augmentation (drafting, iterating, checking) rather than hands-off automation — from a Claude.ai usage sample, not a census. (2026-01-15-v4-plus-2025-03-27-v2) Source: Singulariki — "Robotics Engineers". https://singulariki.com/roles/role-17-2199-08 Note: AI task overlap measures what today's AI can attempt, not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
AssetsShare imageMethodology & sourcesPress & newsroomThe newsroom
Every line is built only from figures this page already shows and cites. AI task overlap means what today's AI can attempt — not automation, job loss, or a forecast.
Sources for this page
Every figure above traces to a named public dataset and the exact release below — not hand-written opinion. See the full methodology for what each measure does and does not mean.
- O*NET 30.3 U.S. Department of Labor / National Center for O*NET Development
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
- Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27) Anthropic
- Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai Microsoft Research
- “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130 OpenAI / academic
- AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans academic
- ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025 International Labour Organization
- IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022 Institute for Structural Research (IBS)
- Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation academic
- Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome academic
Data compiled June 2, 2026. Figures are estimates, not advice.
Cite this page
Plain
Singulariki. "Robotics Engineers." Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Built from O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026. https://singulariki.com/roles/role-17-2199-08
APA
Singulariki. (2026). Robotics Engineers. Singulariki: a source-backed encyclopedia of work. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https://singulariki.com/roles/role-17-2199-08
BibTeX
@misc{singulariki-role-17-2199-08,
title = {Robotics Engineers},
author = {{Singulariki}},
year = {2026},
note = {O*NET 30.3; BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2024; BLS Employment Projections 2024–2034; Anthropic Economic Index v4 (2026-01-15) + v2 (2025-03-27); Microsoft “Working with AI” working-with-ai; “GPTs are GPTs” (Eloundou et al.) arXiv 2303.10130; AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE) Felten, Raj & Seamans; ILO / Gmyrek et al. GenAI exposure gradient 2025; IBS O*NET-SOC ↔ ISCO-08 occupation crosswalk 2022; Frey & Osborne (2013) frey-osborne-automation; Dingel & Neiman (2020) dingel-neiman-workathome. Accessed June 7, 2026},
url = {https://singulariki.com/roles/role-17-2199-08}
} Citations name the underlying public dataset releases — they reflect what this page is built from, not just the URL.